Hiv surveillance module 4 introduction to respondentdriven sampling. Download pdf mclaughlin kr, johnston lg, gamble l, papoyan a, grigoryan t. Probability based estimation theory for respondent driven. Introduction to hiv aids and sexually transmitted infection. Variance estimation, design effects, and sample size. Data were collected via respondent driven sampling rds in 20092010 as part of the trans pulse project, a communitybased research study in ontario, canadas most populous province. Aug 26, 2006 footnote 16 based on this crude analysis of existing respondent driven sampling data, we recommend that when planning a study using respondent driven sampling researchers should assume a design effect of 2. Respondent driven sampling recognition of the problems inherent in streetbased recruitment has led to an increased focus on chainreferral methods. Use and interpretation of population size estimations among hidden populations using successive sampling in respondent driven sampling surveys. Methods for inference from respondentdriven sampling data. An overview of respondent driven sampling like traditional chainreferral sampling, respondent driven sampling begins with identi. Respondent driven sampling third, bias depends on the manner in which chainreferrals take place.
It is effectively used to avoid bias in snowball sampling. Guri tyldum and lisa johnston, applying respondent driven sampling to migrant populations. Assessing respondent driven sampling for network studies in. New methods for inference from respondentdriven sampling data. The method is now widely used in human immunodeficiency virus related. Salganik is with the department of sociology, 1180 amsterdam avenue, new york, ny 10027, usa. Respondent driven sampling where we are and where should. Respondentdriven sampling is a network sampling technique typi cally employed for hardtoreach populations for example, drug users, men who have sex with men, people with hiv. In recent years rds has been used in more than 120 studies in more than 20 countries and by leading public health organizations, including the centers. Respondent driven sampling as a research technique for collecting and analysing data 6 these definitions are taken from. Acceptability of hiv selftesting is low among men who have. This guideline should only be considered a preliminary ruleofthumb and should be adjusted, if necessary, depending on preexisting. Hiv and sti prevalence and injection behaviors among.
Respondentdriven sampling and the recruitment of people with. Using respondentdriven sampling methodology for hiv. Respondentdriven sampling on the thailandcambodia border. Finally, the conclusion discusses how respondent driven sampling can improve both network sampling and ethnographic 44 investigation. A new approach to the study of injection drug users aged 1825 douglas d. Seeds are excluded in the calculations of average group degree because seeds were not recruited by peers salganik and heckathorn 2004, 215. Richard g white,1 amy lansky,2 sharad goel,3 david wilson,4 wolfgang hladik,5 avi hakim,5 simon dw frost6 respondent driven sampling rds is a novel variant of link tracing sampling that has primarily been used to estimate the characteristics of hardtoreach groups. Chain referral, link tracing network sampling method based on social network theory. A r e s o u r c e g u i d e f o r s t e e r i n g c o m m i t t e e s 1 table of contents.
To describe survey mode uptake and sociodemographic differences by mode among respondents to a respondent driven sampling survey of transgender people in ontario, canada. Nevertheless, respondent driven sampling has rapidly become a popular and widely used survey method. New methods for inference from respondentdriven sampling. However, rds differs from traditional chainreferral sampling in several respects. Editorial respondent driven sampling where we are and.
Rds, like other chainreferral approaches, relies on members of a population to recruit their peers. These methods are predicated on the recognition that peers are better able than. Starting with a group of initial subjects called seeds, respondents recruit others who are also members of the study population by giving them coupons. Respondent driven sampling rds is a networkbased technique for estimating traits in hardtoreach populations, for example, the prevalence of hiv among drug injectors. Similarly to snowball sampling, initial seed respondents recruit additional respondents from their network of friends. Understanding respondent driven sampling from a total survey error.
In recent years rds has been used in more than 120 studies in more than 20 countries and by leading public health organizations, including the centers for disease control and prevention in the united states. This paper introduces a new variant of chainreferral sampling, respondent driven sampling, that employs a dual system of structured incentives to overcome some of the deficiencies of such samples. Respondent driven sampling involves both a field sampling technique and custom estimation procedures that correct for the presence of homophily on attributes in the population. Estimating hidden population size using respondent driven sampling data. Respondent driven sampling rds is generally considered a methodology for recruiting hardtoreach populations for social science research. Thus it resolves, or provides means for resolving, the principal problems affecting chainreferral samples. Descriptive, bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted. Respondentdriven sampling for characterizing unstructured. Sampling hardtoreach populations with respondent driven. Over the past decade, respondent driven sampling rds has become recognised as a viable option for rigorous sampling of hardtoreach populations.
The current estimators of population averages make strong assumptions in. Respondent driven sampling where we are and where should we be going. Understanding respondent driven sampling from a total survey error perspective. This article reports on the use of respondent driven sampling rds in participatory and communitybased research. Participant driven recruitment pdr retains the analytic capabilities of rds e.
More recently, wejnert has argued that rds analysis can be used for general social network analysis as well where he labels it, rdssn. Challenges of scientific data collection with rare and hidden populations. Unmasking health determinants and health outcomes for. These assumptions are outlined in table 1 and described fully in gile and handcock 2010. Pdf respondent driven sampling is a network sampling technique typi cally employed for hardtoreach populations for example, drug. Here is the supplemental guide to using rds analyst and netdraw, published by whounaids. Respondent driven sampling rds is a relatively new sampling method that has been recognized and adopted by public health researchers as a promising alternative means to sample mostatrisk populations for biological and behavioral hiv surveys. Pdf introduction to respondent driven samplingmanual. Respondentdriven sampling is a commonly used method for sampling from hard toreach human populations connected by an underlying social network of. The efficacy of respondentdriven sampling for the health. To be eligible, participants had to live, work or receive health care in ontario, be age 16 or over, and identify as trans, broadly defined. Similarly to snowball sampling, initial seed respondents recruit. Rds is a chainreferral sampling technique that uses statistical adjustments for network size.
I cdc for studies of drug injectors in the 25 largest u. First, in traditional chainreferral sampling, originally intro. Pdf assessing respondentdriven sampling semantic scholar. Understanding respondent driven sampling from a total. A recent study simulating respondent driven sampling and using empirical network data found that the variance of respondent driven sampling estimates can be much higher than commonly assumed. Respondent driven sampling was proposed by heckathorn 1997 and is a commonly used method to obtain samples from hardtoreach groups. Pdf respondentdriven sampling is a network sampling technique typi cally employed for hardtoreach populations for example, drug users, men who. The second line is the sample size, the maximum number of coupons given to each respondent. In goodman s snowball sampling and klovdahl s random walk procedure, respondents provide the names and contact information for population members, and the researcher randomly chooses a xed number from that list. Snowball sampling probability sampling when is rds appropriate no sampling frame members can identify each other population socially connected. Respondentdriven sampling rds has been developed as a method to survey populations that are difficult to reach because they are small, hidden, or mobile, or because members of the target population are not interested in participating in the surveyfor example, because they are engaged in socially undesirable behaviours. Deriving valid population estimates from chainreferral samples of hidden populations.
Respondent driven sampling rds finding subjects through their social networks respondents become recruiters for the study combines aspects of. Assumptions of respondent driven sampling estimation from rds data requires many assumptions about the sampling process, the underlying population and respondent behaviour. Rds is a type of snowball sampling used for analyzing characteristics of hidden or hardtoreach populations. The publication of this methodology would not have been possible without the financial support of the european union and the government of the united states. This paper introduces rds methods and describes some of the advantages and challenges to implementing and analysing surveys that use rds. Implementation and analysis of respondent driven sampling core. Respondent driven sampling as mcmc respondent driven sampling heckathorn, 1997, 2002. Assessment of respondent driven sampling for recruiting. Respondentdriven sampling matthias schonlau, elisabeth. Three locations within the city were used to recruit study participants. We excluded from this analysis all msm who were aware of their positive hiv serostatus. Consistency for the tree bootstrap in respondentdriven. Rather than reaching individuals by selecting with some probability from a sampling frame, respondent driven sampling uses respondents networks to recruit members of the hardtoreach group.
Respondent driven sampling rds employs a variant of a linktracing network sampling strategy to collect data from hardtoreach populations. Keywords participant driven recruitment, respondent driven sampling, communitybased participatory research, participatory research, action researchr introduction this article reports on the use of respondent driven sampling rds in participatory and communitybased research. Introduction to hivaids and sexually transmitted infection surveillance. Probability based estimation theory for respondent driven sampling. Respondent driven sampling rds is a relatively new sampling methodology that circumvents this difficulty by using the social networks of the groups under study.
Respondent driven sampling rds was used to recruit 4176 msm in 12 brazilian cities in 2016 to this biological and behavioral surveillance study. Using respondent driven sampling and capturerecapture to estimate population sizes. Assessing respondent driven sampling for network studies. Journal of urban healthbulletin of the new york academy of medicine, 83, 98112. Respondent driven sampling rds is a relatively new network sampling technique typically. Intervenable factors associated with suicide risk in. Respondent driven sampling it turns out that unbiased estimation is possible under certain general conditions salganik and heckathorn, 2004, and the process is cheaper and faster than existing methods. Respondentdriven sampling rds is a form of chainreferral sampling, similar to snowball sampling, which was developed to reach hidden populations such. In goodman s snowball sampling and klovdahl s random walk procedure, respondents provide the names and contact information for population members, and the researcher randomly chooses a. Although in this paper we talk about estimating the. Respondent driven sampling 177 reduces the biases resulting from voluntarism and masking, and provides means for controlling the biases resulting from differences in the sizes of personal networks.
Deriving valid population estimates from chainreferral samplesof hidden populations. Evaluation of respondentdriven sampling original article. Respondent driven sampling is a new form of chainreferral sampling that was designed to reduce several sources of bias associated with this method, including. Consistency for the tree bootstrap in respondentdriven sampling. Oct 31, 2012 johnston lg, whitehead s, simiclawson m, kendall c. Respondentdriven sampling for surveying ethnic minorities. Respondent driven sampling rds is a relatively new method to sample hardtoreach populations. Such designs occasionally combine traditional cluster sampling or standard random sampling with chainreferral methods. The first two rows of the spreadsheet make up the rdsat header. In recent years rds has been used in more than 120 studies in more than 20 countries and by. Nov 01, 2015 respondent driven sampling rds is a method for surveying hidden or hardtoreach populations such as sex workers or injection drug users heckathorn, 1997. Respondent driven sampling rds is a new approach for sampling from hidden populations that is rapidly gaining in popularity. It is not possible to construct a sampling frame because there are no registries or other reasonably complete lists of the homeless.
Formative research to optimize respondent driven sampling surveys among hardtoreach populations in hiv behavioral and biological surveillance. In the absence of an accessible and accurate population based sampling frame for urban aboriginal people, we implemented respondent driven sampling rds for the our health counts ohc study. Respondent driven sampling with online recruitment and. The rds method has been shown to provide unbiased estimates of population proportions given certain conditions. How to implement respondentdriven sampling in practice. Respondentdriven sampling is a network sampling technique typically employed for hardtoreach populations for example, drug users, men who have sex with men, people with hiv. Standard crosssectional and household survey methods were inadequate to obtain representative information due to the lack of a sampling frame, thus a respondent driven sampling rds methodology was used. Each seed will recruit individuals within his network to start the waves of sampling in rds. By tracing the links in the underlying social network, the process exploits the social structure to expand the sample and reduce its dependence on the initial convenience sample.
Annex 5 general protocol for conducting respondent driven sampling surveys among people who inject drugs, men who have sex with men and female sex workers 299 annex 6 examples of rds survey forms 317 6. This paper presents an analysis from an hiv biological and behavioral surveillance survey to assess the. Chainreferral sampling that starts with a limited number of seeds who refer their peers. In this article we draw on previous research on respondent driven sampling. We conducted a respondent driven sampling rds survey in the canton of riobamba, ecuador. Respondentdriven sampling in participatory research contexts. Respondent driven sampling respondent driven sampling rds is a development of snowball sampling sbs 9, a group of related sampling techniques proposed in the social sciences to sample hidden populations. Respondent driven sampling involves both a field sampling technique and custom estimation procedures that correct for the. Respondentdriven sampling in participatory research. Nonparametric identification for respondentdriven sampling. Until this study, female sex workers fsws in vietnam were sampled using a variety of methods, including time location sampling tls, which may not access the more hidden types of fsws. Sociodemographic differences by survey mode in a respondent.
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